Cardona-Duque, Juliana

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    Description and phylogeny of Azotoctla, a new neotropical genus of Acalyptini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae) associated with the staminodes of Cyclanthaceae
    (2011) Cardona-Duque, Juliana; Acosta-Martínez, Jaime A.; College of Arts and Sciences - Sciences; Cafaro, Matías; Santos, Carlos José; Department of Biology; Pares, Elsie
    The weevil genus Azotoctla gen. nov. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae: Acalyptini Thomson) is described to accommodate the following 15 new Neotropical species: A. aecuatorialis, sp. nov. (Ecuador), A. anerunca, sp. nov. (Ecuador), A. angustacra, sp. nov. (Ecuador), A. curvirostra, sp. nov. (Peru), A. dasygastra, sp. nov. (Costa Rica and Honduras), A. femorata, sp. nov. (Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Panama), A. gomezi, sp. nov. (Colombia, Costa Rica and Panama), A. gottsbergeri, sp. nov. (Brazil), A. clemmyssa, sp. nov. (Colombia), A. melolauta, sp. nov. (Colombia), A. migueli, sp. nov. (Colombia), A. nana, sp. nov. (Panama), A. punctata, sp. nov. (Costa Rica), A. tibiatra, sp. nov. (Belize) and A. tuberquiai, sp. nov. (Colombia). Azotoctla is placed in the tribe Acalypini, subtribe Staminodeina Franz, and it is considered to represent the sister taxon of Staminodeus Franz. The monophyly of Azotoctla is supported by the following putative synapomorphies: a non-carinate rostrum, which is tumescent above the antennal insertion in males; equilaterally subtriangular hemisternites of the male sternum VIII; paired, longitudinal, laterally positioned sclerites of the aedeagus; and a bifurcate lamina of the female sternum VIII which bears explanate, diverging furcal arms. A key to the species of Azotoctla is provided, and the salient features of each species are illustrated and presented along with distributional and natural history data. A morphological cladistic analysis of 23 terminal species (eight outgroup, 15 ingroup) and 35 characters yields a single most parsimonious cladogram (L = 75 steps, CI = 52, RI = 77), with the ingroup topology ((A. aecuatorialis, (A. anerunca, A. gottsbergeri)), (A. punctata, ((A. angustacra, A. nana), (A. tibiatra, (A. clemmyssa, (A. femorata, A. curvirostra)), (A. melolauta, ((A. gomezi, A. migueli), (A. tuberquiai, A. dasygastra))))))). Species of Azotoctla are reproductively associated with the ephemeral staminodes of different members of the Neotropical monocot family Cyclanthaceae. The likely mechanisms of diversification, host specificity and distributional patterns of the species of Azotoctla are discussed and contrasted with those of Staminodeus and other cyclanth-associated acalyptine genera.