Martínez-Mera, Eliana A.

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    Producción de maíz dulce con leguminosas de cobertura y efectos alelopáticos en cultivos agrónomicos
    (2014) Martínez-Mera, Eliana A.; Beaver, James S.; College of Agricultural Sciences; Cuevas, Hugo; Valencia Chin, Elide; Róman Paoli, Elvin; Department of Crops and Agro-Environmental Sciences; Jiménez Cabán, Esbal
    Sustainable agriculture requires the integration of organic matter, crop rotation and association with legumes to reduce the use of inorganic fertilizer. Therefore, three studies were conducted to compare the effects of two crimped legumes (CL), dwarf velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens), and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea cv. Tropic sun) vs. conventional planting (CT; plow and disk passes) on ear yield and size, insect damage and seed yield of the sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv. Suresweet 2011). Experiments were conducted for three planting dates: April and July 2013, and February 2014. Greater biomass and N (nitrogen) contribution found for July (summer); might be related to the photosensitive responses of CL. In fact, dwarf velvet mucuna produced 1.66 Mg ha-1 and 45.54 Kg ha-1 compared to sunn hemp cv. Tropic sun 0.96 Mg ha-1 and 26.33 Kg ha-1 of dry matter and N, respectively. Contrast analysis between CL vs. CT and dwarf velvet bean vs. sunn hemp cv. Tropic sun showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in the first planting date on ear yield. However, for the second planting, dwarf velvet bean surpassed (P<0.05) sunn hemp cv. Tropic sun yield by 4.09 Mg ha-1 . CT ear yield was better (P<0.05) than the CL (difference >3.63 Mg ha-1 ) during the third planting. Marketable seed yield showed the same behavior as the ear yield across planting dates. Damage (1-2 cm) caused by Helicoverpa zea was not significantly different (P>0.05) among the three planting dates in the three systems. Despite the differences in yields with seeding systems, dwarf velvet bean yields were uniform across planting dates. Two additional studies assessed allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts (AE; 3.3% w/v) and crushed dead mulch legumes [CDML; sunn hemp cv. Tropic sun, jack bean. (Canavalia ensiformis) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan cv. Lazaro) over seven tropicalcrops (maíz cv. Mayorbela 2011, Sorghum bicolor, Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Verano, Glycine max, Vigna unguiculata y Lactuca sativa cv. Nevada) in the laboratory and greenhouse, respectively. In the laboratory, tropical crop x AE interaction was found after 7 days of germination. All the crops exhibited either inhibition or stimulation on shoot or radicle growth. There was also a tropical crop x AE interaction in radicle size, characterized by higher percentages of inhibition, indicating an allelopathic effect. The AE showed effects on both inhibition and stimulation. Particularly, the AE of jack bean had higher percentages of inhibition in coleoptile, hypocotyl, and radicle growth, although the effect of pigeon pea cv. Lazaro AE was higher in radicle dicots. Sunn hemp cv. Tropic sun AE effects were mostly associated with percentages of stimulation. For the greenhouse studies, significant (P<0.05) CDML effects on germination index, seedling vigor, germination energy, and dry weight were observed on corn and soybean. However, no CDML effect was observed on sorghum and pigeon pea cv Lazaro seedling development. The results showed that, both AE and CMLT had allopathic effects on tropical crops. Therefore, adequate combination of legumes and agronomics crops can be used to reduce the use or inorganic fertilize, however, some interference can occurs which should verify in field studies.