Vázquez-Torres, Mike

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    Bioactivity study and analysis of the volatile constituents and essential oil extracts of Mammea Americana L. fruit by HS-SPME and GC/MS
    (2017) Vázquez-Torres, Mike; de Jesús-Echevarría, Maritza; College of Arts and Sciences - Sciences; Rivera Portalatín, Nilka M.; Torres Candelaria, Jessica; Department of Chemistry; Torres Nieves, Sheila N.
    Mammea Americana L. is a tropical fruit tree native from the West Indies with bark, seeds, leaves and flowers that have been reported to contain toxic compounds. However, it is the fruit pulp that results attractive for human consumption. The principal objective of this investigation was to apply the Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) technique for the extraction of the aroma volatile constituents and to perform Microscale Soxhlet Extraction to obtain the essential oil of Mammea Americana L. fruit pulp from different municipalities in Puerto Rico. The aim was to determine the volatile compounds that give the fruit its characteristic aroma and to identify the mixture of compounds contained by the essential oil extracts from the fruit pulp. Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) instrumental method was used for the separation and characterization of Mamey fruit chemical composition. Three different SPME fibers including the Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), Polydimethylsiloxane/Divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB), and Divinylbenzene/Carboxen/ Polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) were subjected to a validation procedure of the HS- SPME technique to select the optimum equilibrium, extraction and desorption times, and to conclude which fiber coating material showed the highest sensitivity toward the extraction of the volatile composition of Mammea Americana L. fruit. In the HS-SPME/GC/MS analysis using the DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber, results showed that the most aromatic fruit was the one from Mayagüez municipality. The principal constituents found in the aroma composition were the woody β- ionone (24.34%) and the fruity hexanal (22.91%). Three different essential oil extracts of the fruit pulp were obtained during the Micro-Soxhlet Extraction procedure using polar to non-polar organic solvents. The Dichloromethane (DCM) extract contained the highest amount of reported bioactive compounds including 5,7-dihydroxy-6-isovaleryl-8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-4-phenyl- coumarin (16.16%) and Mammea A/AB (12.31%). Brine shrimp lethality bioassay results showed that the mixture of chemical compounds contained in the Mamey fruit pulp DCM extract was highly toxic or bioactive against brine shrimp (Artemia salina L.) larvae with a LC50 of 8.16 μg/mL.