Buitrago-Escobar, Diana P.

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    Composta de estiƩrcol bovino y su efecto en plantas de cobertura y propiedades quƭmicas del suelo
    (2017) Buitrago-Escobar, Diana P.; Valencia-Chin, Elide; College of Agricultural Sciences; De la Torre, Winston; Cuevas, Hugo E.; Tirado CorbalƔ, Rebecca; Department of Crops and Agro-Environmental Sciences; FernƔndez, Arelys
    Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dairy manure compost (DMC) in nutrient concentrations in soil and cover crops (CC). In the first study, 60 Mg ha-1 of DCM on the CC: forage radish [Raphanus sativus (FR)] and triticale [X. Triticosecale Wittmack (TR)] was tested. Both CC were seeded with base substrate (DCM mixture with Coto series soil) at a seed density of 13 and 125 kg ha-1 for FR and TR, respectively. For this study, a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was used. Both CC were harvested two months after planting to determine P and N concentration. Data were analyzed using an analysis of variance with the SAS (Statistical Analysis System). There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) for N (3.87%) between CC. However, the concentration of P was higher (P <0.05) in TR (0.67%) than in RF (0.49%) with DCM application. A follow-up evaluated 0, 5, 15 and 40 Mg ha-1 of DMC. Data were analyzed using SAS and Infostat. There was quadratic effect (P<0.05) for P concentration on TR, but there was no dose effect on N and P in FR. However, higher N content (3.70%) was obtained in RF than in RT (2.75%). In conclusion, adding 60 Mg ha-1 of DCM shows a higher concentration of P in TR compared to FR. Although a quadratic response was observed for P in triticale, N (3.70%) and P (0.62%) concentration in FR was greater than in TR (2.75% and 0.38% for N and P, respectively. For this reason, FR as a CC was recommended for field evaluations. In the second experiment, the effect of 0, 10, 20 and 40 Mg ha-1 of DMC on dry matter yield (DMY), N and P concentration in shoots and roots of FR and ammonium concentrations (NH4+ - N), nitrate (NO3- - N), organic matter (OM), pH, P, K and Ca in the soil were assessed. Studies were carried out from January to May 2016 at the Agricultural Experiment Station (AEE) of Isabela on a Oxisol of the Coto series and between August to December 2016 at the Farm Alzamora of the Campus of MayagĆ¼ez, on an Ultisol of the Consumo series. A RCBD with four replications was used in a split-plot arrangement (main plot was the CC seeded at 13 kg ha-1) and without FR and the subplots were the four DCM levels. In the Ultisol, another treatment was added (FR was planted immediately after DCM application and one month after DCM application). Two months after FR sowing, samples were taken in a 0.25m2 area, separating the aerial part (shoots) and the roots (tuber). The tissue samples were dried, milled and analyzed for N using the Kjeldahl method and the P was extracted following the Dry Ashing method and quantified with an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Soil samples were taken at 15-cm depth where the FR was incorporated and where only DMC was incorporated. Soil samples were dried, milled and analyzed for N (steam distillation method), OM (Walkley Black method), pH and macronutrients (Mehlich III). Due to soil differences and the post-application of DMC and planting of FR on the Ultisol, the effects were analyzed and discussed separately. Nutrient concentration on the tissues and soil were analyzed using SAS 9.4 mean separation with Fisher LSD (P<0.05). To measure the response to DMC levels, polynomial contrasts and regression analysis were performed. Greater DMY was found on shoots (5,345 kg ha-1) compared to the roots (977 kg ha-1). Nutrient concentrations were: 2.05 g kg-1 and 0.87 kg-1 P, and 24.4 g kg-1 and 21.7 g kg-1 for N. Nutrient uptake was 10.2 kg P ha-1 and 0.86 kg P ha-1, and 129 kg N ha-1 and 21.4 kg N ha-1 for the shoots and roots, respectively. On the Ultisol, a higher concentration of P (5.67 g P kg-1) was found in FR when sowed immediately after DMC application (SieRaEst) compared to when sowed one month after (SieRaEsInc1m) (4.74 g P kg-1). A similar response was found for Ca concentration of 10.1 g kg -1 and 3.24 g kg-1 and Ca uptake 11.6 kg ha-1 and 4.6 kg ha-1 for FR in (SieRaEst) and (SieRaEsInc1m) respectively. In the Oxisol, a higher concentration of N-NO3 (36.2 mg kg-1) was found when FR was incorporated than when CC was not used (12.43 mg kg-1). Application of 40 Mg ha-1 of DMC increase the concentration of P (65.29 mg kg-1), Ca (456 mg kg-1) and OM (2.45%). These concentrations were significantly different when no manure were applied, P (21.2 mg kg-1), Ca (278 mg kg-1) and OM (2.01%). In the Ultisol, 40 Mg ha-1 showed higher DMY (2,080 kg ha-1) also affecting the nutrient uptake in the FR tissue 10.7 kg P ha-1, 29.0 kg N ha-1, 12.4 kg Ca ha-1 and 24.6 kg B ha-1, being significantly different from the other rates. High N uptake FR tissue (129 kg ha-1) was observed in Oxisol, which demonstrates its ability to trap and retain nutrients by reducing their loss to the environment. In the Ultisol, DMY was less than in the Oxisol and could not be separated by shoots and roots since the tuber was not formed. In addition, a lower N concentration was obtained, but a higher P concentration and uptake than in an Oxisol was evidenced. The time of application of manure had only effect for K in the soil, being less when FR was sown one month after incorporation of DMC (379 mg kg-1). Sowing FR is not recommended a month after the application of DMC. Sow FR immediately after the application of DMC improves nutrient uptake improving the chemical properties of the soil and minimizing loss to the environment.