Tirado Corbalá, Rebecca
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Publication Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics Affected by Drip Irrigation Methods and Fertilization Practices in a Pomegranate Orchard(Horticulturae, 2019-12-10) Tirado Corbalá, Rebecca; Gao, Suduan; Ayars, James E.; Phene, Claude J.; Phene, Rebecca C.; University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; College of Agricultural Sciences; Department of Crops and Agro-Environmental SciencesKnowledge of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics under different irrigation practices in pomegranate orchards is novel and essential to develop sustainable production systems. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of high-frequency drip irrigation and different rates of N fertilizer on C and N distribution in the soil and N uptake by pomegranate fruit and leaves. The main treatments were surface drip irrigation (DI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), and the sub-treatments used were three initial N rates (N1, N2, and N3). As trees grew larger, the N application rate increased. From 2013–2015, trees received the following rates of N: 62–113 (N1), 166–263 (N2), or 244–342 kg/ha (N3). Soil and leaf total C (TC) and N (TN), soil dissolved organic C (DOC), soil nitrate (NO3−), and total N uptake by fruit were evaluated between 2012 and 2015. Soil samples were collected to 120 cm depth at 15 cm increments. DI resulted in higher concentrations of TN, TC, NO3−, and DOC in the upper 75 cm depth than SDI. The N3 treatment resulted in higher concentrations of TN, TC, NO3−, and DOC under both DI and SDI. Neither DI nor SDI at the N1 or N2 levels increased TN and NO3− concentrations at 105–120 cm soil depth, indicating reduced leaching risk using high-frequency drip irrigation. Higher N uptake by fruit was observed in SDI than in DI in 2014 and 2015, and in N2 and N3 treatments compared with N1 in 2013 and 2014. The data indicate that the application rate at 166–263 kg/ha (N2) provided sufficient N for a 4–6-year-old pomegranate orchard and that high-frequency SDI is a promising technology for achieving higher N use efficiency and minimizing leaching loss of NO3− and DOC.Publication Performance of Two Citrus Species Grafted to Different Rootstocks in the Presence of Huanglongbing Disease in Puerto Rico(Horticulturae, 2018-11-01) Tirado Corbalá, Rebecca; Rivera Ocasio, Dania; Segarra Carmona, Alejandro E.; Román Paoli, Elvin; González, Agenol; University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; College of Agricultural Sciences; Department of Crops and Agro-Environmental SciencesSince Huanglongbing (HLB) disease was detected in 2009 in Puerto Rico, a steady drop in citrus production has been experienced, forcing farmers to abandon their land or switch to other crops. Between 2015 and 2016, we used grafted trees from two experimental orchards (Tahiti lime and Nova mandarin), each on five rootstocks, to collect soil and plant tissue samples from each scion‒rootstock combination to determine soil fertility, tissue nutrient content, and yield. The tree growth parameters (height, diameter, and canopy volume) and efficiency of the two orchards were also measured. These orchards, growing in Coto series (Typic Hapludox), were planted in 2009 and reported as heavily infested with HLB by 2011. Our results showed that soil and tissue samples from the Tahiti lime orchard exhibited benefits for tree growth parameters when grafted on Carrizo and Cleopatra rootstocks. Lower tree mortality (13%) was observed for Tahiti lime grafted on Carrizo, HRS 812, Carrizo and Rough lemon rootstocks, while 25% of the Nova mandarin trees perished on the same rootstocks. Yield was higher for Tahiti lime grafted on Swingle rootstock (35.6 fruit m−3) as compared to the other rootstocks. In general, HLB appears to have caused poor development and low production in the Nova mandarin orchard.Publication Efecto de la compactación del suelo en el desarrollo de especies forestales utilizadas para la reforestación urbana(2005) Tirado Corbalá, Rebecca; Pérez-Bolívar, Juan G.; College of Agricultural Sciences; Torres López, Ramón I.; Harmsen, Eric; Department of Agricultural Education; Pagán Trinidad, IsmaelTrees planted in containers or along sidewalks lack necessary nutrients and water to satisfy their needs due to the compaction of limited soil volumes. This results in restricted tree growth and development and eventually death. In order to determine the response of tree species established in compacted soils, a study was carried out with three tree species commonly used in urban forestry in Puerto Rico. Same-size saplings of three ornamental tropical tree species: trumpet brush (Tecoma stans), bottle brush (Callistemon citrinus), and pink trumpet (Tabebuia rosea) were transplanted in pots of sandy clay loam or clay at three levels of compaction: control (without compaction), ≈1.15, and 1.4 g/cm3. Plant height and stem diameter, number and color of leaves, leaf area, and dry weights of roots, stems and leaves were measured on two plants every two months for six months. Data was analyzed as a 3x2x3x3 (species x soil type x compaction x time) factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with two replications. No leaf color differences were observed between species. All species exhibited better growth in sandy clay loam at a 1.15 g/cm3 bulk density and, after six months, a reduced root-shoot ratio was observed. All trumpet brush saplings died within two months when planted in clay at the 1.4 g/cm3 bulk density. Bottle brush had better growth than pink trumpet and trumpet brush for all compaction levels and both soil types.Publication Assessment of Two Sweet Orange Cultivars Grafted on Selected Rootstocks Grown on an Inceptisol in Puerto Rico(Horticulturae, 2020-05-18) Tirado Corbalá, Rebecca; Segarra Carmona, Alejandro E.; Matos Rodríguez, Manuel; Rivera Ocasio, Dania; Estévez de Jensen, Consuelo; Pagán, Jeniffer; University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; College of Agricultural Sciences; Department of Crops and Agro-Environmental SciencesSweet oranges in Puerto Rico and other citrus-producing areas in the world have been greatly affected by the Huanglongbing disease (HLB). Historically, most of Puerto Rico’s citrus production has been located from 0–600 m above sea level, where fruit acquire a desirable color and flavor due to climatic conditions. However, higher populations of the disease vector Diaphorina citri Kuwayama have been reported at these elevations in Puerto Rico. Although only 6.4% of the land area is located above 600 m, it is composed mainly of environmentally sensitive or non-arable land where Inceptisols are the dominant soil order. For that reason, ‘Marr’s Early’ and ‘Pera’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) scions grafted on ‘Carrizo’, ‘HRS 802’, and ‘HRS 812’ rootstocks were planted in Alonso clay series Inceptisol (Oxic Humudepts) at 649 m in 2010. Tree growth parameters (height, diameter, canopy volume) and yield efficiency were measured. Fruit quality was determined from juice content (%), total soluble solids [°Brix], and pH. Leaf tissue analyses showed an optimum range for Ca, Mg, Na, P, B, Cu, and Zn, an indicator of tree health. A few were high (i.e., N and P) or in excess (i.e., Fe), but no clear connection to specific scions or rootstocks could be established. Tree height, tree diameter, fruit production, and juice content were higher in both sweet oranges grafted on ‘HRS 802’ compared with those on ‘HRS 812’ and ‘Carrizo’. Therefore, ‘HRS 802’ rootstock can be recommended to local farmers growing sweet oranges in Alonso series soil.Publication Gypsum amendment effects on micromorphology and aggregation in notill Mollisols and Alfisols from western Ohio, USA(Geoderma Regional, 2019-03-13) Tirado Corbalá, Rebecca; Slater, Brian K.; Dick, Warren A.; Bigham, Jerry; Muñoz Muñoz, Miguel A.; University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; College of Agricultural Sciences; Department of Crops and Agro-Environmental SciencesSynthetic gypsum, a by-product of electricity generation, is used as a soil amendment to overcome water ponding, improve soil and water quality, improve field conditions to support farm equipment, and reduce the variability of crop yield in no-till fields by improving hydrology. Gypsum is a source of soluble calcium (Ca) that improves physical properties of the soil by promoting clay aggregation, thereby increasing water infiltration rates and movement through the soil profile. Undisturbed soil samples from Brookston and Celina soils in Ohio, USA were collected to a depth of 75 cm in agricultural fields treated with gypsum for 0, 4, and 12 years to determine changes in chemical and physical properties. Gypsum applications increased exchangeable Ca and Ca: Mg ratios, and promoted clay flocculation, and improved soil structure. Mean weight diameter of aggregates increased with gypsum treatment at most depths in both soils. Micromorphological analysis showed variations in porosity (ɸ), pore size distribution, pore shape, and aggregate size related to gypsum treatment, soil, and soil depth. There were no consistent responses to years of gypsum application. Gypsum treated soils had higher porosity than untreated soils in all depths <75 cm and a higher percentage of micropores and mesopores compared to the control. Also, gypsum treated soils had larger aggregates than the control for all soil depths examined. Aggregates <100 μm predominated in the Brookston control soils, and <200 μm aggregates dominated the Celina control soils. However, there was no prevailing aggregate size for gypsum treated soils. In conclusion, our study found positive effects of gypsum on most properties measured; although, not consistently related to years of gypsum applications to both soils.Publication Early Response of ‘Mexican’ Lime, ‘Fina’ Clementine Mandarin, and ‘Campbell’ Valencia Orange on Selected Rootstocks Grown under Fertigation Practices in an Oxisol in Puerto Rico(Horticulturae, 2022-06-11) Tirado Corbalá, Rebecca; Román Paoli, Elvin; Segarra Carmona, Alejandro E.; Estévez de Jensen, Consuelo; Rivera Ocasio, Dania; College of Agricultural Sciences; Department of Crops and Agro-Environmental SciencesIn Puerto Rico, Huanglongbing (HLB), detected in 2009, continues to produce losses in orchards across the island. Efforts to produce clean propagation materials and select different combinations of scions and rootstocks to mitigate the disease have been a priority. In 2016, an experiment was established in Isabela in Coto clay series soils at 120 m to assess ‘Mexican’ lime, ‘Fina’ clementine mandarin, and ‘Campbell’ Valencia orange grafted in ‘Swingle’ citrumelo, ‘HRS 812’, and ‘HRS 897’. Tree growth parameters, tree fruit production, HLB incidences, and tree mortality were evaluated under a fertigation system. Higher fruit production was obtained with ‘Fina’ clementine mandarin and ‘Campbell’ Valencia orange when grafted in ‘HRS 812’ followed by ‘HRS 897’. ‘Mexican’ lime had higher fruit production when grafted in ‘HRS 897’. On the basis of total fruit production and HLB incidence, ‘HRS 812’ was outstanding, yielding fruits with higher values even though they were infected with HLB. Moreover, ‘HRS 897’ rootstock was demonstrated to be a potential rootstock for the Puerto Rico conditions.Publication Subsurface Drip Irrigation Reduced Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Pomegranate Orchard(International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 2019-03) Gao, Suduan; Hendratna, Aileen; Cai, Zejiang; Duan, Yinghua; Qin, Ruijun; Tirado Corbalá, Rebecca; University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; College of Agricultural Sciences; Department of Crops and Agro-Environmental SciencesSoil fertilization is one of the major sources for nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and soil moisture is among the most important factors affecting its production. Thus, one of the important mitigation strategies in semiarid or arid regions is through irrigation and/or fertigation management. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of different drip irrigation methods and N application levels on N2O emissions. Nitrous oxide emission flux and N2O concentration in soil profile were measured in a pomegranate field for two growing seasons under two irrigation systems [subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) at ~0.5 m depth and traditional surface drip irrigation (DI)], and three N application rates (50%, 100%, and 150% of current practice rate). Both years’ data showed that N2O emissions has a high and positive correlation with N fertilization events and application levels. Nitrous oxide emissions from DI at 100% and 150% N levels were over an order of magnitude higher compared to those from SDI based on the data of the first year. Data from the second year confirmed the first year’s findings of high emissions from DI. A positive linear correlation between the N2O emission flux and N2O concentration in soil-gas phase was identified that supported emission data. This research demonstrated that although N fertilization is a major cause for N2O emissions, subsurface drip irrigation/fertigation can lead to a significant emission reduction in addition to other benefits, such as increased water and nutrient use efficiencies, and reduced weed pressure.