Publication:
Métodos de descomposición, disponibilidad de nitrógeno y cobertura de leguminosas para la producción de pepinos
Métodos de descomposición, disponibilidad de nitrógeno y cobertura de leguminosas para la producción de pepinos
Authors
Fernández Montiel, Leidy J.
Embargoed Until
Advisor
Valencia Chin, Elide
College
College of Agricultural Sciences
Department
Department of Crops and Agro-Environmental Sciences
Degree Level
M.S.
Publisher
Date
2022-12-12
Abstract
Entre el 2020 y 2021 se realizaron tres experimentos, dos en la Subestación Estación Experimental Agrícola (EEA) de Isabela y el tercero en la finca Alzamora del Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez.
El objetivo del primer experimento (llevado a cabo en junio del 2020 y repetido en septiembre del 2020) consistió en determinar el rendimiento de materia seca (RMS), aportación de N y tasa de descomposición de la leguminosa Caupí (Vigna unguiculata L.) (8 semanas de siembra). Tejidos (100 g) de Caupí se introdujeron en bolsas de nilón de 25 cm x 25 cm y colocadas sobre y debajo (soterrada a 15-cm) en un suelo de la orden Oxisol, serie Coto. Posteriormente, a las 2, 4, 6, 8 y 12 semanas se recolectaron las bolsas y preparadas para determinar su concentración de nitrógeno (N) y carbono (C) total en el laboratorio. Se utilizo el programa estadístico SAS, PROC GLIMMIX para un análisis de varianza. La tasa de descomposición del Caupí se determinó utilizando la constante k por medio de una ecuación de primer orden. Se encontró diferencia significativa en la densidad de plantas para RMS y N (930 y 363 kg ha-1 para RMS y N, respectivamente). En las curvas de descomposición en junio 2020, se encontró que la bolsa en la superficie presentó mayor contenido de C y N (2.5 y 4 de C y 0.2 y 0.3 de N). En conclusión, se observaron cambios en el comportamiento de la descomposición del Caupí según la época del año en Puerto Rico. Esta se debe a la diferencia en acumulación de RMS por época y una diferencia en descomposición en fracción lenta y rápida.
El objetivo del segundo experimento (llevado a cabo en agosto del 2020 y repetido en noviembre del 2020 en un invernadero) fue evaluar la tasa de descomposición del Caupí (utilizando tejidos de Caupí cosechadas en el primer estudio) en dos órdenes de suelo (un Oxisol de la serie Coto y un Vertisol de la serie Fraternidad). Bolsas de nilón de 25 cm x 25 cm se llenaron con 100 g de Caupí y colocadas sobre y debajo (soterrada a 15-cm) en cada serie de suelo y recolectadas cada 2, 4, 6, 8 y 12 semanas. Estas muestras se prepararon para análisis de C y N total en un laboratorio de suelos. Utilizando la constante k descrita en el primer experimento, se determinó la curva de descomposición. Se encontró que la curva de descomposición para C en agosto 2020 presentó una caída similar para las bolsas en la superficie ubicada en ambas series de suelo. Mientras que la curva de descomposición para la bolsa soterrada en la serie Coto fue similar a las de la superficie. Por otro lado, para las k de descomposición de N en las dos series de suelo, la fracción de descomposición rápida en la bolsa ubicada en la superficie fue similar en ambas series. Mientras que para la bolsa soterrada fue mayor el valor para el suelo Vertisol (1.0000) que el Oxisol (0.1479). Por otro lado, para la k en la fracción lenta fue mejor en la serie del suelo Oxisol, independientemente de la posición de la bolsa en el suelo. En conclusión, se mostró el cambio de comportamiento de las curvas de descomposición entre las series de suelo. También, se observó que la velocidad de la descomposición fue mayor para la serie Fraternidad con la bolsa soterrada. Por último, se presume que la pérdida de humedad en las bolsas ubicadas en la superficie alteró el proceso de descomposición.
Finalmente, el último estudio (llevado a cabo en septiembre de 2020 y repetido en febrero del 2021) evaluó el efecto de dos cultivos de cobertura (CC) Tropic sun (Crotalaria juncea L. cv.) y Frijol espada (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC) y dos métodos de terminación (incorporado y aplastado con un rodillo engarzador a las 6 semanas de siembra) sobre sobre el N del suelo, rendimiento del Pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) y N en el tejido del pepino. Tejido foliar del pepino se recolectaron a las 2 y 4-semanas después de siembra y muestras de suelo a 15 cm de profundidad se tomaron a las 2, 4 y 6 semanas después de la terminación de la leguminosa y los pepinos cosechados a su madurez fisiológica. El rendimiento de pepino difirió (P ≤ 0.05) entre métodos de terminación, pero no entre CC. En ambos septiembre y febrero, los rendimientos fueron mayores en CC incorporados (30 y 44 Mg ha-1) en comparación al aplastado (17 y 16.8 Mg ha-1). Para la concentración de N en el tejido del pepino , se encontró una interacción entre CC x método de terminación (P ≤ 0.05) en septiembre y una triple interacción de CC x semana x método de terminación en febrero. En septiembre, la concentración de N fue mayor en frijol espada en comparación al Tropic sun cuando se aplastaron (49 vs. 42 g kg-1) pero no fue distinto cuando se incorporaron (49 vs. 50 g kg-1). En febrero, el frijol espada resulto en mayor concentración de N a las dos semanas cuando incorporado y a las cuatro semanas cuando aplastado comparado al Tropic sun. Concentración de nitrato en el suelo fue mayor en CC incorporado en comparación al aplastado (P ≤ 0.05) en ambas fechas de siembra. En conclusión, los rendimientos de pepino fueron mayores cuando los CC se incorporaron que cuando se aplastaron. Esto se le atribuye a la compactación del suelo, la reducción de la disponibilidad de N cuando los residuos de CC se dejaron en la superficie o la supresión del crecimiento del pepino por los residuos del mantillo de CC. El frijol espada aparenta suplir mayor cantidad de suplir N en comparación al Tropic sun, aunque esta no se manifiesta en mayores rendimientos.
Between 2020 and 2021, three experiments were conducted, two at the Isabela substation of the Agricultural Experimental Station, and the third at the Finca Alzamora, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus. The objective of the first experiment (conducted in June 2020, and repeated in September 2020), was to determine dry matter yield, N contribution, and tissue decomposition rate of 8-week growth of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). Clipped cowpea stem and leaves (100 g) was placed in litter decomposition bags of 25 cm x 25 cm for the decomposition study. Filled bags were placed above, or below-ground (15-cm depth) on an Oxisol of the Coto series and sampled every two weeks (2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks) for total nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) concentration analysis. Statistical programs in SAS, PROC GLIMMIX was used for the analyzes of variance. Decomposition rate was determined using the constant k by means of a first order equation. There was a significant difference on plant density for dry matter yield (DMY) and N (means 930 and 363 kg ha-1 DMY and N, respectively). For the decomposition curves on June 2020, the litter bags placed above-ground presented a higher C and N content (2.5 and 4 C and 0.2 and 0.3 N). In conclusion, changes were observed in the decomposition behavior of cowpea according to the season in Puerto Rico. This may be due to the accumulation of DMY by season and different accumulations of slow and fast fractions of tissue decomposition. The objective of the second experiment (conducted in August 2020 and repeated in November 2020 in a controlled environment) was to evaluate the decomposition rate Cowpea (leaves and stems from the first study) in two soil orders (an Oxisol of the Coto series and a Vertisol of the Fraternidad series). Litter decomposition bags filled with 100 g of Cowpea and placed above or below-ground (15-cm depth) in each soil series were collected every 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks. These samples were prepared for total C and N analysis in the soil’s lab. Using the k value as described on the first experiment, the decomposition curves were determined. It was observed that the C decomposition curve for August showed a similar drop for litter bags placed above-ground for both soil series. Meanwhile, the decomposition curve for the bags placed below-ground on the Coto series were like those placed above-ground. On the other hand, k values for N decomposition on both soil series, the rapid decomposition fraction for the above-ground bags were similar for both soil series. While for the litter bags placed below ground the value for the Vertisol (1.0000) was higher than the Oxisol (0.1479). On the other hand, the k value for the slow decomposition fraction was better for the Oxisol independently of where the litter bags were placed on the soil. In conclusion, changes in the decomposition curve behavior were shown. Also, it was observed that decomposition rate was higher for the Fraternidad series when the litter bags were placed below-ground. Lastly, it is possible that moisture loss on litter bags placed above-ground may have altered the decomposition process. Finally, a third experiment was conducted in September 2020 and repeated in February 2021 to assess Tropic sun and Jack bean termination [roller crimped (RC) and rototilled (RT) at 6-weeks growth] method effects on soil N, cucumber yield, and cucumber tissue N. Cucumber leaves were sampled at 2 and 4-wks after planting, soils sampled at 15-cm depth (2, 4 and 6-wks post CC termination) and cucumbers harvested at maturity. Cucumber yields differed (P≤ 0.05) between termination methods (TM), but not between CC. In both September and February, yields were greater in RT (30 and 44 Mg ha-1) than RC (17 and 16.8 Mg ha-1). For cucumber tissue N, there was a CC x TM interaction effect (P≤ 0.05) in September and a CC x week x TM interaction effect in February. In September, tissue N was greater after Jack bean than Tropic sun when RC (49 vs. 42 g kg-1 N) but not different when RT (49 vs. 50 g kg-1 N). In February, Jack bean resulted in greater tissue N at 2-wks in RT and at 4-wks in RC compared to Tropic sun. Soil NO3 was greater in RT than RC (P≤ 0.05) in both planting dates. In conclusion, cucumber yields were higher with RT than RC, possibly due to soil compaction in the absence of tillage, reduced N availability when CC residues were left on the surface, or suppression of cucumber growth by the CC mulch residues. Jack bean appeared to have greater N supply potential than Tropic sun, although this did not translate into higher yields.
Between 2020 and 2021, three experiments were conducted, two at the Isabela substation of the Agricultural Experimental Station, and the third at the Finca Alzamora, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus. The objective of the first experiment (conducted in June 2020, and repeated in September 2020), was to determine dry matter yield, N contribution, and tissue decomposition rate of 8-week growth of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). Clipped cowpea stem and leaves (100 g) was placed in litter decomposition bags of 25 cm x 25 cm for the decomposition study. Filled bags were placed above, or below-ground (15-cm depth) on an Oxisol of the Coto series and sampled every two weeks (2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks) for total nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) concentration analysis. Statistical programs in SAS, PROC GLIMMIX was used for the analyzes of variance. Decomposition rate was determined using the constant k by means of a first order equation. There was a significant difference on plant density for dry matter yield (DMY) and N (means 930 and 363 kg ha-1 DMY and N, respectively). For the decomposition curves on June 2020, the litter bags placed above-ground presented a higher C and N content (2.5 and 4 C and 0.2 and 0.3 N). In conclusion, changes were observed in the decomposition behavior of cowpea according to the season in Puerto Rico. This may be due to the accumulation of DMY by season and different accumulations of slow and fast fractions of tissue decomposition. The objective of the second experiment (conducted in August 2020 and repeated in November 2020 in a controlled environment) was to evaluate the decomposition rate Cowpea (leaves and stems from the first study) in two soil orders (an Oxisol of the Coto series and a Vertisol of the Fraternidad series). Litter decomposition bags filled with 100 g of Cowpea and placed above or below-ground (15-cm depth) in each soil series were collected every 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks. These samples were prepared for total C and N analysis in the soil’s lab. Using the k value as described on the first experiment, the decomposition curves were determined. It was observed that the C decomposition curve for August showed a similar drop for litter bags placed above-ground for both soil series. Meanwhile, the decomposition curve for the bags placed below-ground on the Coto series were like those placed above-ground. On the other hand, k values for N decomposition on both soil series, the rapid decomposition fraction for the above-ground bags were similar for both soil series. While for the litter bags placed below ground the value for the Vertisol (1.0000) was higher than the Oxisol (0.1479). On the other hand, the k value for the slow decomposition fraction was better for the Oxisol independently of where the litter bags were placed on the soil. In conclusion, changes in the decomposition curve behavior were shown. Also, it was observed that decomposition rate was higher for the Fraternidad series when the litter bags were placed below-ground. Lastly, it is possible that moisture loss on litter bags placed above-ground may have altered the decomposition process. Finally, a third experiment was conducted in September 2020 and repeated in February 2021 to assess Tropic sun and Jack bean termination [roller crimped (RC) and rototilled (RT) at 6-weeks growth] method effects on soil N, cucumber yield, and cucumber tissue N. Cucumber leaves were sampled at 2 and 4-wks after planting, soils sampled at 15-cm depth (2, 4 and 6-wks post CC termination) and cucumbers harvested at maturity. Cucumber yields differed (P≤ 0.05) between termination methods (TM), but not between CC. In both September and February, yields were greater in RT (30 and 44 Mg ha-1) than RC (17 and 16.8 Mg ha-1). For cucumber tissue N, there was a CC x TM interaction effect (P≤ 0.05) in September and a CC x week x TM interaction effect in February. In September, tissue N was greater after Jack bean than Tropic sun when RC (49 vs. 42 g kg-1 N) but not different when RT (49 vs. 50 g kg-1 N). In February, Jack bean resulted in greater tissue N at 2-wks in RT and at 4-wks in RC compared to Tropic sun. Soil NO3 was greater in RT than RC (P≤ 0.05) in both planting dates. In conclusion, cucumber yields were higher with RT than RC, possibly due to soil compaction in the absence of tillage, reduced N availability when CC residues were left on the surface, or suppression of cucumber growth by the CC mulch residues. Jack bean appeared to have greater N supply potential than Tropic sun, although this did not translate into higher yields.
Keywords
Cultivo de cobertura,
Canavalia ensiformis,
Crotalaria juncea,
Incorporado,
Descomposición
Canavalia ensiformis,
Crotalaria juncea,
Incorporado,
Descomposición
Usage Rights
Persistent URL
Cite
Fernández Montiel, L. J. (2022). Métodos de descomposición, disponibilidad de nitrógeno y cobertura de leguminosas para la producción de pepinos [Thesis]. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11801/2976