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Efecto de la fertilización nitrogenada y cobertora sobre el rendimiento de una linea endogámica de maíz
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Abstract
Mejor conocimiento sobre el manejo de nitrógeno (N) en el cultivo de maíz (Zea Mays L.) en la costa semiárida del sur de Puerto Rico podría contribuir a la implementación de prácticas que mejoren la sostenibilidad de este sistema agrícola. Se evaluó el efecto de 60, 110 y 160 kg/ha de fertilización nitrogenada (N) sobre el rendimiento de semilla de maíz y en la acumulación de N inorgánico en el suelo en una rotación de maíz-maíz y de caupí (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)-maíz (CM). El experimento se llevó a cabo en dos ciclos de verano 2011 a primavera 2012. El rendimiento de semilla no se afectó por la fertilización nitrogenada con rendimientos promedio de 1,630 y 4,243 kg/ha en 2011 y 2012, respectivamente. La rotación con CM aumentó el rendimiento de grano un 34% en el 2011, pero no en el 2012. El N inorgánico en el perfil de suelo aumentó con la fertilización nitrogenada hasta un 167% en la postcosecha del 2011, disminuyendo para la presiembra del 2012 (al punto de que ya no se reflejó el efecto de la fertilización del año anterior) y aumentando un 119% en la postcosecha del 2012. El N inorgánico en el suelo aumentó con la rotación CM y dicho efecto fue incrementado en el transcurso del experimento lo cual sugiere una mayor acumulación de N a largo plazo con la rotación CM. Los resultados sugieren que para líneas endogámicas y condiciones similares a las de este estudio, aplicaciones de N superiores a los 60 kg N/ha no aumentarán el rendimiento de semilla e incrementarán el potencial de pérdidas de N. El uso de caupí como cobertura vegetal es beneficioso aumentando los rendimientos de semilla, el contenido de N inorgánico en el perfil de suelo y la acumulación de N en el suelo.
Improved knowledge of nitrogen (N) management in maize (Zea Mays L.) seed cropping systems can contribute to more sustainable agronomic practices. Inbred-maize crop response and soil inorganic N accumulation as affected by fertilizer levels of 60, 110 y 160 kg N/ha on a fallow-maize rotation and on a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)-maize (CM) rotation were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in two cycles from summer 2011 to spring 2012. In both years there was no significant fertilizer N effect on seed yield with mean yields of 1,630 and 4,243 kg/ha in 2011 and 2012, respectively. An increase of 34% in seed yield was observed for the corn-cowpea rotation (CM). Fertilization with N increased soil inorganic N 167% in the 2011 post-harvest. In 2012 pre-plant inorganic soil N decreased to levels in which the previous year’s fertilization had no effect, and increased by 119% increase in the 2012 post-harvest. N fertilization had a short term effect on soil inorganic N but there was no impact on the long term. Soil inorganic N was higher in the CM rotation and this increased throughout the course of the experiment suggesting higher N accumulation with this rotation. These results suggest that N fertilization over 60 kg/ha will not improve seed yield and will increase N potential loses with a negative environmental impact. Cowpea cover crop rotation had benefits of increasing maize seed yields, inorganic soil N content and soil N accumulation.
Improved knowledge of nitrogen (N) management in maize (Zea Mays L.) seed cropping systems can contribute to more sustainable agronomic practices. Inbred-maize crop response and soil inorganic N accumulation as affected by fertilizer levels of 60, 110 y 160 kg N/ha on a fallow-maize rotation and on a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)-maize (CM) rotation were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in two cycles from summer 2011 to spring 2012. In both years there was no significant fertilizer N effect on seed yield with mean yields of 1,630 and 4,243 kg/ha in 2011 and 2012, respectively. An increase of 34% in seed yield was observed for the corn-cowpea rotation (CM). Fertilization with N increased soil inorganic N 167% in the 2011 post-harvest. In 2012 pre-plant inorganic soil N decreased to levels in which the previous year’s fertilization had no effect, and increased by 119% increase in the 2012 post-harvest. N fertilization had a short term effect on soil inorganic N but there was no impact on the long term. Soil inorganic N was higher in the CM rotation and this increased throughout the course of the experiment suggesting higher N accumulation with this rotation. These results suggest that N fertilization over 60 kg/ha will not improve seed yield and will increase N potential loses with a negative environmental impact. Cowpea cover crop rotation had benefits of increasing maize seed yields, inorganic soil N content and soil N accumulation.
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Date
2016
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Keywords
Fertilización, Fertilización nitrogenada y cobertosa, Linea endogámica