Miranda Cortés, Yanira

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    Evaluación de métodos de propagación de Dioscorea spp. para aumentar la disponibilidad de semilla libre de enfermedades
    (2019-05-15) Miranda Cortés, Yanira; Feliciano Rivera, Merari; College of Agricultural Sciences; Román Paoli, Elvin; Giraldo Zapata, Martha C.; Department of Crops and Agro-Environmental Sciences; Mathanker, Sunil K.
    Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is the most economically important crop within the root and tuber in Puerto Rico. However, only 18 % of the local demand is currently produced on the island. The lack of high-quality disease-free seeds is one of the main constraints for the local production of yam. The objective of this research was to evaluate alternative methods to produce yam seeds (Dioscorea rotundata). Four seed sizes (30, 45, 60 and 75 g) were evaluated in the minisetts technique in direct seeding and pre-sprouted experiments. In the pre-sprouted experiments, all minisetts evaluated produced seed tubers with an average weight of 390 g or greater, without significant differences. In direct seeding, significant differences were observed between the treatments with an average weight per tuber equal or less than 280 g. However, the tubers produced by direct seeding lacked uniformity compared to the pre-sprouted ones. In the second experiment of minisetts using pre-sprouted seeds of 20, 35 and 50 g at three planting distances (0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 m), we obtained average weights per tuber of 220-260 g, at the planting distance of 0.05 m in the three seed sizes. A second alternate method for seed production was evaluated by in vitro propagation in solid medium and using a temporary immersion system. A disinfection method of nodal segments for Dioscorea rotundata cv. Guinea Black was developed, by which we obtained more than 85 % effectiveness after 30 days of incubation. The effect of 1 and 2 ml/L of Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM) in tubes with and without parafilm under led (Light-emitting diode) and fluorescent lights was evaluated in the number of leaves, nodes, multiplication rates and contamination. The contamination in both concentrations of PPM was statistically similar but lower than the none PPM added control. The use of parafilm resulted in greater contamination under fluorescent light but did not affect the development of the nodal segments in any treatment. Under led light, more leaves and nodes were found per nodal segment. In the temporary immersion system, the use of IAA (Indole Acetic Acid) and Kinetin was evaluated for the development of the explants and in another experiment the use of PPM for the control of contamination in the culture medium. The use of hormones harmed the development of the explants by induced the formation of callus tissue and reduced numbers of leaves and nodes. An adverse effect was observed on the development of the nodal segments at a concentration of 1 ml/L of PPM. The results demonstrated the ability of these techniques to increase multiplication rates and crop yields, as well as to solve the problem of seed scarcity currently present in Puerto Rico.